苏北大丰生态工程区两种植物群落土壤酶活性比较

土壤酶在土壤生态系统的物质循环和能量流动方面扮演着重要的角色.研究了大丰海滨湿地中实施微地貌水文饰变生态工程后的芦苇群落和互花米草群落土壤磷酸酶、脲酶和过氧化氢酶的季节变化动态,并对两种群落的3种土壤酶活性与各理化因子之间作了相关性分析,结果表明:(1)芦苇群落和互花米草群落土壤中磷酸酶活性季节变化动态均为单峰型曲线,过氧化氢酶活性均为单谷型曲线,最大值和最小值都出现在夏季(8月份),土壤脲酶活性季节变化规律不明显.(2)相关分析表明,互花米草群落土壤磷酸酶活性与土壤含盐量、植物生物量显著相关,而其过氧化氢酶活性与二者呈显著负相关;芦苇群落土壤磷酸酶活性与有机质和速效磷含量呈显著正相关,过氧化氢酶活性则与二者均呈显著负相关.此外,两种群落中的土壤脲酶活性与所测土壤理化因子均无明显相关关系.(3)两种植物群落中土壤酶活性受土壤理化因子的共同影响.通径分析表明,在互花米草群落中,各因子对磷酸酶活性的影响程度依次为:土壤含盐量＞速效钾＞速效磷＞有机质＞铵态氮;对脲酶活性的影响程度依次为:有机质＞速效钾＞速效磷＞土壤含盐量＞铵态氮;对过氧化氢酶活性的影响程度为:速效钾＞土壤含盐量＞有机质＞速效磷＞铵态氮.在芦苇群落中,各因子对磷酸酶活性的影响程度依次为:速效磷＞土壤含盐量＞有机质＞铵态氮＞速效钾;对脲酶活性的影响程度依次为:有机质＞速效钾＞土壤含盐量＞铵态氮＞速效磷;对过氧化氢酶活性的影响程度为:铵态氮＞速效钾＞土壤含盐量＞速效磷＞有机质.(4)微地貌水文饰变生态工程在一定程度上改良了土壤,有利于实现芦苇对互花米草的替代.     

不同水位梯度下克隆植物大米草的生长繁殖特性和生物量分配格局

通过温室模拟控制实验,研究了不同水位梯度处理对外来克隆植物大米草(Spartina anglica) 衰退种群的形态性状、克隆生长性状、生物量积累及生物量分配格局的影响.实验共设置5种水位处理,分别为淹没至大米草株高的1/2, 淹没至株高的1/3,表面水淹0 cm,低于土表5 cm (-5 cm),以及低于土表10 cm (-10 cm).结果表明:水位梯度对大米草的形态性状、克隆生长性状、生物量的积累与分配格局等部分指标均有显著影响(p < 0.05);株高、克隆分株数、根状茎节数、根状茎总长、间隔子长度及生物量在0 cm至1/3株高水位梯度处理下均显著高于-10 cm和1/2株高水位处理(p < 0.05),但与-5 cm处理无显著差异(p > 0.05);-10 cm水位处理的地上生物量分配和根状茎生物量分配显著低于其它处理(p < 0.05).综合大米草衰退种群的形态特征、克隆生长特性、生物量积累及分配格局对水位处理的响应格局,认为大米草种群较适宜的水位梯度为表面积水至淹没株高的1/3处,而水位的变化可能是大米草种群自然衰退的原因之一.     

Effects of saltmarsh invasion by Spartina alterniflora on arthropod community structure and diets

Invasive plants strongly affect physical and biotic environments of native ecosystems. Insects and other arthropods as one of the major components of many ecosystems are very sensitive to subtle changes in abiotic and biotic environments. We examined the effects of exotic Spartina alterniflora invasion on community structure and diets of arthropods in a saltmarsh previously dominated by native Phragmites australis in Yangtze River estuary through net sweeping and plant harvesting methods and stable isotope analysis. Our results showed that diversity indices were not significantly different between exotic and native plant communities, but the total abundance of insects estimated through plant harvesting method was found to be lower in Spartina monoculture than that in Phragmites monoculture. Community structure of insects in Spartina monoculture was dissimilar to that in Phragmites monoculture and Phragmites–Spartina mixture. Moreover, stable carbon isotope patterns of arthropods were significantly different between Phragmites and Spartina monocultures. Although some native arthropods (perhaps generalists) shifted their diets, many native taxa did prefer Phragmites to Spartina even in Spartina monoculture. Spartina invasions resulted in reduced abundances of some arthropds, and increased dominance of others feeding preferably on Spartina. This study provides evidence that invasive plants can change the community structure and diets of native arthropods, which will eventually alter the arthropod food web, and affect the integrity and functioning of native ecosystems within a nature reserve that has been set aside for conserving the native biodiversity and maintaining the ecosystem integrity. In this sense, Spartina invasions in the Yangtze River estuary need to be managed appropriately.     

冬季火烧与收割对互花米草地上部分生长与繁殖的影响

自1995年首次在崇明东滩发现互花米草(Spartinaalterniflora)以来,该外来种已在东滩扩张成为最具优势的植物之一。作为东滩常见的两种人为干扰,冬季火烧和收割可能会对互花米草的生长和繁殖有一定的促进作用,并可能进一步促进互花米草的入侵。因此,作者选择崇明东滩为实验地点,探讨冬季一次性火烧和收割以及相对高程对互花米草生长与繁殖的影响。结果表明:冬季火烧与收割能显著提高互花米草的植株密度和结穗率,显著降低其植株基部直径,即对其生长与繁殖有一定的促进作用,原因可能在于这两种干扰使其生境改变,光照条件得到改善;从Wilks’值的大小可看出,与相对高程相比,这两种干扰对互花米草生长繁殖的影响相对较小,而且这两种干扰对互花米草的影响差异不显著。上述结果表明,冬季火烧与收割将可能促进互花米草在东滩的入侵,有必要采取措施加以管理。     

不同建群时间下互花米草种群生长及生物量分配

采用"空间代替时间"的方法,研究具有不同建群时间的互花米草种群生长及生物量分配特征。结果表明:种群高度生长从建群2a到16a呈下降趋势,6a和16a均显著低于2a(P0.05);密度、总生物量及地上生物量从建群2a到16a均呈下降趋势,16a显著低于2a(P0.05);地下生物量、根冠比随建群时间延长先增长后降低,但前者16a显著低于2a(P0.05);同化器官生物量不随建群时间变化,而非同化器官生物量随建群时间延长而减少,6a和16a均显著低于2a(P0.05);须根和根状茎生物量随建群时间延长先增大后减小。结果显示建群16a后种群呈衰退态势,探究其原因将有助于我国互花米草的管理与控制。     

NaCl胁迫对大米草光合·蒸腾等生理特性的影响

研究了NaCl胁迫下大米草净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr),叶片气孔导度(Gs)、细胞问CO_2浓度(Ci)、株高、叶长、叶宽、茎粗、叶绿素含量、气孔限制值和水分利用效率.结果表明:当NaCl浓度高于300mmol/L时,大米草Pn、Tr、Gs、株高、叶长以及叶绿素含量受到显著抑制(P＜0.05),叶宽及茎粗则无显著性差异.NaCl胁迫下,大米革光合速率的降低是气孔因素和非气孔因素综合导致的结果,Pn、Tr、Gs、株高以及叶绿素含量的降低可作为大米草受NaCl胁迫的症状,而WUE则保持在较高的水平,因此在防治大米草蔓延时,排水处理不是最佳选择.     

咸淡交替灌溉对克隆植物大米草生长繁殖和生物量分配的影响

通过温室模拟控制实验,研究了咸淡交替灌溉处理对外来克隆植物大米草(Spartina anglica)形态性状、克隆生长、生物量积累及分配格局的影响。实验共设6种浇灌处理:单一淡水灌溉(D)、单一咸水浇灌(X)、淡咸交替灌溉(DX)、咸淡交替灌溉(XD)、淡咸淡交替灌溉(DXD)和咸淡咸交替灌溉(XDX)。结果表明:DX处理条件下,大米草株高、叶片数及根长均达到最高;克隆数最多,且显著高于X、DXD和XDX处理;芽数及根状茎总长均显著大于XDX处理;在DX和D处理下,地上生物量、根系生物量、地下生物量和总生物量均显著高于其它处理。这表明作为滨海盐沼植物,大米草种群比较适应淡咸水交替环境,单一的咸水,以及过度的咸淡转换均不利于大米草的生长繁殖与生物量积累,而淡咸水交替过程的失序可能是引起我国大米草种群衰退的重要原因。     

基质及水位对入侵种互花米草生长的影响

为了揭示基质和水位对互花米草种群扩张过程的影响,通过室内模拟试验分析了不同基质和地下水位对互花米草幼苗存活率、高生长和生物量及分配等表型参数的影响。结果表明:基质、水位及其交互作用对互花米草幼苗生长影响显著;基质类型和地下水位的交互作用显著影响幼苗的存活率;同种基质中地下水位的降低显著促进了幼苗根长的增加;由于不同基质持水力和营养的差异,沙中生长的幼苗随地下水位的降低地上部分表现出显著的生长抑制,而沙土和壤土中的幼苗在中等水位生长最好;沙中幼苗根状茎的长度显著低于沙土和壤土,而随水位的降低,沙土和壤土根茎长度显著下降。由此可以推论,互花米草种群扩张强度因生境而异,在沙土和壤土基质中互花米草可能表现出更强的入侵性和扩散能力。     

The significance of spatial and temporal patterns of algal mat deposition in structuring salt marsh vegetation

Question: Are there hot spots of algal mat deposition in space and time at the marsh scale and, if so, how does this affect the coexistence of a dominant (Spartina anglica) and gap dependent (Salicornia europaea) species? Location: The Rattekaai salt marsh in the Scheldt estuary in the southwestern Netherlands (NW Europe). Methods: Mat cover and the abundance of the gap dependent species Salicornia europaea were monitored at the scale of a marsh. The effects of mat cover on the vegetation structure were studied by applying three mat removal treatments over three growing seasons. Results: The low marsh border was found to be a hot spot of algal mat deposition during the growing season, which had a correlated spatial pattern between two successive years at a 20 m X 20 m scale. The combination of duration, timing and repetition of mat cover determined growth inhibition of the competitive dominant Spartina anglica, and thereby the abundance of subordinates such as Salicornia europaea. Mat cover reduced the storage of carbon reserves in Spartina and our results imply that repetition of non‐lethal mat cover can lead to ‘gap creation’. Gaps gave only temporary habitat to less dominant species since Spartina quickly re‐invaded them. The gap dependent annual Salicornia was most abundant at intermediate levels of disturbance measured as a function of both space and time. Conclusions In addition to disturbance level, the spatial and temporal distribution of disturbance are important in creating and maintaining habitat for gap dependent species. Relatively small disturbances will have a large effect on diversity if the spatial and temporal distribution of the disturbances leads to ‘disturbance hot spots’.     

Response of two oligohaline marsh communities to lethal and nonlethal disturbance

Severity is recognized as an important attribute of disturbance in many plant communities. However, the effects of disturbances of different severity on patterns of regeneration in oligohaline marsh vegetation have not been experimentally examined. In these communities, a critical difference in the effects of disturbance severity may be whether the vegetation dies as a result of the disturbance or is merely damaged and hence capable of resprouting. We described the regeneration of vegetation in two Louisiana marsh community types, one dominated by Sagittaria lancifolia L. and the other by Spartina patens (Ait.) Muhl., following three levels of disturbance: no disturbance, a nonlethal disturbance, and a lethal disturbance. In the nonlethal disturbance, aboveground vegetation was clipped to simulate common disturbances such as fire and herbivory that remove aboveground vegetation but leave rhizomes intact. In the lethal disturbance vegetation was killed using herbicide to simulate disturbances causing plant mortality such as wrack deposition, sedimentation, scouring, and flooding following fire or herbivory. Regeneration was assessed over a 2-year period by measuring plant species richness, relative abundance, relative dominance, cover, and final biomass. To elucidate mechanisms for observed responses of vegetation, the species composition of the seed bank, light penetration, water level, salinity, and soil redox potential were evaluated. Despite differences in the structure of undisturbed vegetation in the two community types, they exhibited the same overall pattern of regeneration. Following nonlethal disturbance, the dominant species resprouted and quickly reestablished the structure of the vegetation. In contrast, recolonization following lethal disturbance occurred primarily via seedling recruitment, which resulted in marked shifts in community structure that persisted throughout the study. While the two communities responded similarly overall to disturbance, the response of individual species was not uniform; abundance, dominance, biomass, or cover increased for some species but decreased for others in response to disturbance. Seed bank species occurred in the vegetation following lethal disturbance in the Spartina community and in both disturbed and undisturbed plots in the Sagittaria community, indicating that the seed bank is a source of propagules for regeneration and maintenance of oligohaline marshes. Of the environmental variables measured, light level was most closely related to the effect of disturbance severity on community structure. Our results suggest that lethal and nonlethal disturbances have differential effects on regeneration of vegetation that can create pattern in oligohaline marshes communities. Received: 29 September 1997 / Accepted: 12 May 1998